In the 6th century the Etruscans expanded their influence over a wide area of Italy. In fact, hundreds of years after the Etruscans had been conquered by the Romans and absorbed into their empire, the Romans still maintained an Etruscan priesthood in Rome (which they thought necessary to consult when under attack from invading barbarians). The discovery could have just settled a 2,400-year-old debate. However, in their homeland the Etruscan cities remained powerful, and were formidable opponents of the rising power of Rome. One of the great things about Khan Academy is the "Tips and Thanks" tab, where comments like yours, when posted there, are seen by the authorities at Khan Academy, who have the job of rewarding people whose work is appreciated by students with things like pay raises and promotions. Bronze work had been another Etruscan speciality dating back to the Villanovan period. After arriving in Italy during the Bronze age, the early speakers of Etruscan put down roots, assimilating speakers of other languages to their own culture as they flourished into a great civilization. Researchers found that the Etruscans actually had a much more significant impact on history and society. With trade flourishing from the 7th century BCE, the cultural impact of the consequent increase in contact between cultures also became more profound. Its. Last modified February 24, 2017. The Etruscan state government was essentially a theocracy. So how did a group of people heavily reliant on farming and agriculture and at constant odds with each other manage to carve out one of the largest and glorious empires in the history of man? Help our teachers by posting your thanks there. They had contact with the Greeks, which had an influence on Etruscan culture. http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html. Where did they go? A detail from a fresco dating from the 5th century bce shows Etruscan musicians wearing tunics and sandals. The Roman Republic was founded in 509 B.C.E. Not coincidentally, it shows us in miniature form what a typical Etruscan house would have looked like in Iron Age Etruria (900-750 B.C.E. The national Etruscan god seems to have been Veltha (aka Veltune or Voltumna) who was closely associated with vegetation. These contributed to the decline of Etruscan cities and trade. Such changes are evident in other ancient cultures as well, such as the Egyptians of the late New Kingdom. The Etruscans had a strong navy to defend their precious trading ports. Direct link to Kathy O'Rourke Gagnier's post Do you have any info on , Posted 8 years ago. The Tuscan column, arched gate, private villa with atrium, tombs with niches for multiple funerary urns, and large-scale temples on impressive raised stepped platforms are all Etruscan architectural features the Romans would adopt and adapt. Prosperity was based on fertile lands and improved agricultural tools to better exploit it; rich local mineral resources, especially iron; the manufacture of metal tools, pottery, and goods in precious materials such as gold and silver; and a trade network which connected the Etruscan cities to each other, to tribes in the north of Italy and across the Alps, and to other maritime trading nations such as the Phoenicians, Greeks, Carthaginians, and the Near East in general. Sex was not something to be ashamed of or hidden from public view. It was only over a long period, in the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE, that they surrendered their independence to the Romans.if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'timemaps_com-medrectangle-4','ezslot_7',169,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-timemaps_com-medrectangle-4-0'); The Etruscans spoke a unique language, unrelated to those of their neighbors. For example, in pot making. Cartwright, Mark. The Etruscan civilization flourished in central Italy between the 8th and 3rd century BCE. Starting with dried mud-brick buildings using wooden poles and thatch roofs the temples, by c. 600 BCE, had gradually evolved into more solid and imposing structures using stone and Tuscan columns (with a base but no flutes). World History Encyclopedia. For so long, there was scant evidence of the Etruscan's might. Seriously, if the key means something, I'd like to know it. Visit our corporate site (opens in new tab). It is famous for the huge influence that it exercised on the early history and civilization of Rome.if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[728,90],'timemaps_com-box-3','ezslot_3',167,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-timemaps_com-box-3-0'); Etruscan civilization is the modern English name given to a civilization of ancient Italy. I believe the name Etruscan is from the name the Romans used for this culture, and not the name they themselves used. Early Rome was deeply influenced by Etruscan culture (the word Rome is Etruscan). The Etruscan League Cities in the East include ancient Perusia (modern Umbrian capital Perugia, where a 3rd century BC Etruscan well, the Etruscan Arch (one of the 7 city gates), and parts of the city wall are remnants of the city's Etruscan past. They had an atrium, an entrance hall open to the sky in the centre and with a shallow basin on the floor in the middle for collecting rainwater. With remarkable metallurgical skills and a now-extinct, non-Indo-European . (CC BY-SA 3.0), NormanEinstein - based on a map from. North America: The Olmecs are in decline and will still be around for a few more years, but the Maya are just beginning the Preclassic Period. If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. In fact, the complete opposite actually happened meaning Romans learned Etruscan as it was considered a classical language for them. In ancient times there was a strong tradition that the Etruscans had emigrated from Lydia, on the eastern coast of present-day Turkey. When you purchase through links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission. fasces Ax bundled with rods. Scholars point out, however, that other than Greek sources, stories of uninhibited sexuality may be exaggerations. During antiquity, this civilization was most prominent for its vast mineral riches. Until, of course, the next big archaeological discovery. Etruscan influenced Latin but eventually was completely superseded by it. Direct link to sutton strikers's post nice thanks this was help, Posted 8 years ago. The fasces symbolized magisterial power. In addition, the Etruscan cause was not in any way helped by invasions from the north by Celtic tribes from the 5th to 3rd century BCE, even if they would sometimes be their allies against Rome. Lesson 1: The Roman Republic Terms in this set (10) Rome was considered a republic because A. Map: Ancient Italy at the height of Etruscan civilization, 500 BCEif(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'timemaps_com-large-mobile-banner-2','ezslot_13',175,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-timemaps_com-large-mobile-banner-2-0'); Click here to be redirected to our dedicated TimeMaps help section. A new genetic analysis may have finally revealed the origin of the Etruscans a mysterious people whose civilization thrived in Italy centuries before the founding of Rome. Etrurias prosperity was based on its metallurgy. In the 6th century the Etruscans expanded their influence over a wide area of Italy. It turns out the enigmatic Etruscans were local to the area, with nearly identical genetics to their Latin-speaking neighbors. The early Romans were deeply influenced by their more civilized Etruscan rulers, whose imprint can be seen in the Romans writing, art and architecture, religion, military matters, entertainment (as in the gladiatorial combat) and probably a host of other aspects of daily life. For example, they influenced their social practices such as the Triumph and Gladiators and even their religion. Leopards were represented in many tomb wall paintings and the leopard was a prevalent motif in . The Etruscan civilization flourished in what is today Tuscany and its neighboring central Italian regions from around 900 B.C.E. This did not stop the different states from going to war with one another from time to time. To resolve this, the scientists collected ancient genomic information from the remains of 82 individuals who lived between 2,800 and 1,000 years ago across 12 archaeological sites in central and southern Italy. . Etruscan civilization started out in northern Italy, in what is now Tuscany, before spreading to other parts of the Italian Peninsula. Books Submitted by Mark Cartwright, published on 24 February 2017. The Etruscan version of Hades was populated by Greek mythological figures, some of which were of composite appearance to those in Greek mythology. Because of Etruscan attitudes toward the afterlife, most of the art that remains is funerary. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included. 02 Mar 2023. 2022 TimeMaps Ltd. All Rights Reserved. They passed along elements of Greek civilization like the invention of alphabetic writing and essentially helped plant the seeds of Western culture. Etruscan Civilization: A Prosperous Society Declines and is Conquered by Rome, The Babylonian Captivity: The Influence of King Nebuchadnezzar II on the Jewish Exiles, The Domestic Roots of Ancient Alchemy: Womens Work and their Role in the Science of Alchemy, The Legend of Dido: How the Myth of Carthages Legendary Queen Evolved, The First Paper: The Papyrus of Ancient Egypt. The Etruscans built stone temples and irrigation and drainage systems. Etruscan civilization, 750-500 B.C.E. Human sacrifice was a feature of their religion, and prisoners of war could end up on the altars of Etruscan gods. There were strong Latin and Italic elements to Roman culture, and later Romans proudly celebrated these multiple origins. Much of this ended after the Etruscans were defeated by the Greeks in a naval trade war that involved the Carthaginians. During the Orientalizing period (750-575 BCE), when the Etruscans began to trade their natural resources with other Mediterranean cultures and became staggeringly wealthy as a result, their tombs became more and more opulent. It is believed that the Etruscan government style changed from total monarchy to an oligarchic republic (as the Roman Republic did) in the 6 th century BCE, although it is important to note this did not happen to all city-states. The culture was renowned in antiquity for its rich mineral resources and as a major Mediterranean trading power. These latter were first seen in the buildings of the Villanovan culture but now became much more extravagant and included life-size figure sculpture such as the striding figure of Apollo from the c. 510 BCE Portonaccio Temple at Veii. Velsna might be . The Etruscan civilization (/ t r s k n /) was developed by a people of Etruria in ancient Italy with a common language and culture who formed a federation of city-states. The sudden flowering of Etruscan civilization at a date earlier than other indigenous peoples of central and northern Italy probably points to the blossoming of strong trading relations between the peoples of the area identified by modern scholars as belonging to the Iron-age Villanovan culture and merchants (and possibly some colonists) from the eastern Mediterranean. Like other ancient cultures, warfare was a major aspect of their political life. World History Encyclopedia is a non-profit organization. Inland, Etruscan warfare seems to have initially followed Greek principles and the use of hoplites wearing a bronze breastplate, Corinthian helmet, greaves for the legs, and a large circular shield deployed in the static phalanx formation, but from the 6th century BCE, the greater number of smaller round bronze helmets would suggest a more mobile warfare. Finally, in language, the Etruscans passed on many words to their successors in Italy, and through their alphabet, itself adapted from Greek, they would influence northern European languages with the creation of the Runic script. By the first century BC, Etruria was just another part of the Roman Empire and her future lay with the power of Rome. Etruscan hut urn (c. 800 B.C.E. They founded city-states in northern Italy, and to the south, their influence expanded down into Latium and beyond. Trading with the Greeks and Carthaginians, the Etruscans frequently resorted to piracy. If there are specific issues that don't make sense, this is a good place to pose questions. This type of hut urn, made of an unrefined clay known as impasto, would be used to house the cremated remains of the deceased. Etruscan tombs imitated domestic structures, contained wall paintings and even furniture, and were spacious. Tiber River River that runs through Rome 753 B. World History Encyclopedia, 24 Feb 2017. Direct link to Jeffrey A. Becker's post For the most part, Romans, Posted a year ago. As far as I know, they weren't destroyed or anything by Roman. The use of shading is minimal, but the colour shades many so that the pictures stand out vibrantly. The twelve city-states of Etruria evolved into a highly sophisticated and prosperous society that celebrated life through pleasures yet failed to develop political unity. A general preference for cremation eventually gave way to inhumation and then back to cremation again in the Hellenistic period, but some sites were slower to change. The Etruscans were based in Etruria, a large area of the Italic peninsula to the north of Rome. The Etruscan civilization, which flourished during the Iron Age in central Italy, has intrigued scholars for millennia. Even emperors bothered to learn Etruscan it was THAT honorable. After comparing DNA from those 82 individuals with that of other ancient and modern peoples, the scientists discovered that despite the strong differences in customs and language, the Etruscans and their Latin neighbors shared a genetic profile with each other. What did the Etruscans become famous for? The presence of both precious and everyday objects in Etruscan tombs is an indicator of a belief in the afterlife which they considered a continuation of the person's life in this world, much like the ancient Egyptians. Yet the labels mysterious or enigmatic are often attached to the Etruscans since none of their own histories or literature survives. Some seem to have retained their monarchies. This may have been the origin of Roman gladiatorial contests. ummm where is the thing about art the surplus food. Direct link to drszucker's post I believe the name Etrusc, Posted 5 years ago. All of these developments point to a new military threat, and it would come from the south where a great empire was about to be built, starting with the conquest of the Etruscans. It is believed that the soothsayer who warned Julius Caesar about the Ides of March was an Etruscan with powers of divination. Dionysius of Halicarnassus said they came from local Italians. Many of the chief magistrates (consuls) in the early Republic were Etruscans. Early on the Etruscans developed a vibrant artistic and architectural culture, one that was often in dialogue with other Mediterranean civilizations. Located at the northernmost periphery of Etruscan influence, Forcello lay along important trade routes connecting Etruria, the Adriatic, and central Europe. They inhabited central Italy for two thousand years before the Roman Empire flourished and were thought to have emerged there. Direct link to Elizabeth Golden's post Ok so this is prety cool , Posted 3 years ago. This may be one of the reasons why the Etruscans are thought mysterious to modern archaeologists and dangerous to Greeks and Romans, as they felt identity was more precious than all else. These tombs have also given up detailed Greek pottery. The Romans learned much from Etruscan civilization. The culture was renowned in antiquity for its rich mineral resources and as a major Mediterranean trading power. Worldhistory.us - For those who want to understand the History, not just to read it. Etruscan sites are located from north of Bologna to . the Romans later took this practice over, and it grew into the gladiatorial entertainments of the Roman amphitheaters.if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'timemaps_com-banner-1','ezslot_9',171,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-timemaps_com-banner-1-0'); The surviving Etruscan art which has come down to us is figurative sculpture in terracotta (especially life-size tomb statues in temples) and cast bronze, wall-painting and metalworking (especially engraved bronze mirrors). The Etruscans gave so much to history, but because their civilization didn't leave behind much, they remain a mystery. As far, Posted 7 years ago. What language did Etruscans speak? for reviewing all of roman history from the etruscans through the fall of . Women enjoyed more freedom than in most other ancient cultures, for example, being able to inherit property in their own right, even if they were still not equal to males and unable to participate in public life beyond social and religious occasions. The Ancient History Encyclopedia noted it took almost 2,500 years before archaeologists discovered intact Etruscan tombs with wall paintings depicting their lives finally, some evidence they could work with. after the last Etruscan king that ruled Rome was overthrown. The Etruscan elite provided it with its early political arrangements (monarchy, army) and urban infrastructure (walls, forum, drainage system); in short, it was probably they who turned Rome into a full-blown city-state. That the Etruscans were particularly pious and preoccupied with destiny, fate and how to affect it positively was noted by ancient authors such as Livy, who famously described them as "a nation devoted beyond all others to religious rites" (Haynes, 268). Additionally, slave revolts further crippled the old civilization. Special interests include art, architecture, and discovering the ideas that all civilizations share. This piece of art represents the Etruscan civilization and its funerary practices through the use of grave goods. The Ancient History Encyclopedia wrote by the 7th Century, Etruscan cities were flourishing and had set up trading posts. The two main features of the religion were augury (reading omens from birds and weather phenomena like lightning strikes) and haruspicy (examining the entrails of sacrificed animals to divine future events, especially the liver). It seems to me that they weren't so much overthrown as assimilated or absorbed into Roman culture. Archaeological excavations have shown that the Etruscans descended from the Villanovan civilization, a people that were present in Italy during the Iron Age and that changed its habits following contact with the Greeks who settled in the Italian peninsula in 750 BCE. Interestingly, the Etruscan culture is thought to have had greater gender equality than, for example, its contemporaneous Greek and Roman cultures. The civilization flourished during the 7th and 6th Centuries BC and its peoples were known for their zest of living. Scholars differ as the origins of Etruscan civilization. In the same century, many towns built extensive fortification walls with towers and gates. Before the Etruscan arrived (undoubtedly as a ruling group), however, Rome was probably a collection of small farming settlements. They were "the teachers of our teachers," the Romans. hello i have a question i have a project on greek and roman art my piece is a amphora with spiked handles it was made around 700-675 BC I need information on this piece but I am unable to find anything. Initially, Rome's wealthiest families, the patricians, held power and only they could hold political or religious offices. . In the 5th century BCE, though, Syracuse was the dominant Mediterranean trading power, and the Sicilian city combined with Cumae to inflict a naval defeat on the Etruscans at the battle at Cumae in 474 BCE. The Etruscans lived in central Italy more than 2500 years ago. Etruscan Civilization. Priests would consult a body of (now lost) religious texts called the Etrusca disciplina. This was the Etruscan civilization, a vanished culture whose achievements set the stage not only for the development of ancient Roman art and culture but for the Italian Renaissance as well. The only evidence of a political connection between cities is an annual meeting of the Etruscan League. Modern historians have largely discounted this idea, and believe that the Etruscans were an indigenous population a belief largely confirmed by modern DNA studies. Now, reports Ariel David for . Life here wouldn't be too bad. years edward gibbon s apocalyptic view of the decline and fall of the roman empire has gradually become overshadowed by a revisionist view Houses were typically circular and made of wattle and daub walls and thatch roofs with wooden and terracotta decoration added; pottery models survive which were used to store the ashes of the deceased. This was happening all around the Mediterranean - from the fourth century BCE, many people were adopting a "Hellenisitc" style of living, such that lifeways at the local level become more homogeneous in terms to material culture (objects made and used in daily life). Geographically spread from the Tiber River in the south to parts of the Po Valley in the north, the major Etruscan cities included Cerveteri (Cisra), Chiusi (Clevsin), Populonia (Puplona), Tarquinia (Tarchuna), Veii (Vei), Vetulonia (Vetluna), and Vulci (Velch). Their language was not Indo-European, like Greek and other Mediterranean languages were, and . After these early Etruscans settled in northern and eastern Italy, their gene pool remained relatively stable across both the Iron Age and the absorption of the Etruscan civilization into the Roman Republic. Few Etruscan words entered the Latin language, but those that did tended to be to do with state authority: the toga palmata (a magistrates robe), the sella curulis (magistrates chair), and the fasces a bundle of whipping rods surrounding a double-bladed axe, carried by magistrates attendants (lictors). Rome was on the warpath. The Villanovan culture developed during the Iron Age in central Italy from around 1100 BCE. Worse was to come when the Syracusan tyrant Dionysius I decided to attack the Etruscan coast in 384 BCE and destroy many of the Etruscan ports. Direct link to cheery.reaper15's post It seems to me that they , Posted 2 years ago. "This genetic shift clearly depicts the role of the Roman Empire in the large-scale displacement of people in a time of enhanced upward or downward socioeconomic and geographic mobility," Johannes Krause, director of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropologyin Germany, said in the statement. Also, the word populus is of Etruscan derivation, and originally referred to the people assembled for war, as an army, rather than the general populace. Meanwhile, others suggest that the Etruscans were instead an indigenous race with culture and traditions developed in Italy from the beginning. The end of the sixth century BC, however, marked the decline of the Etruscan civilization. But by the 4th century, Rome began exerting its power and, asItaly Magazine reports, overshadowed the Etruscans. The Etruscans adopted the city-state as their political unit from the Greeks, earlier than their neighbors in central Italy. Instead, both groups appear to be migrants from the Pontic-Caspian steppe a long, thin swath of land stretching from the north Black Sea around Ukraine to the north Caspian Sea in Russia. The Etruscans also worked to expand their territory. It is little known and was largely forgotten until archaeological discoveries once revealed its power, complexity, and sophistication. Running a website with millions of readers every month is expensive. Rather, it was something to rejoice in. Rome: Rome doesn't exist yet, although you're in the very earliest beginnings of the great Etruscan civilization. Built as dual or twin cities, the tomb interiors copied the everyday residences of rich Etruscans. https://www.worldhistory.org/Etruscan_Civilization/. The Etruscans suffered a defeat at the Battle of Cumae and were also attacked by Syracuse. One of the most advanced civilizations outside of Greece is also one of the most mysterious. Divination also played a large role in religious and social traditions. Citizens voted for some of their officials How did Rome motivate conquered peoples to pay taxes, supply soldiers, and stay loyal to the government? Amazons Who Were the Ancient Female Warriors? They teamed up with the Carthaginians in the Battle of Alalia. Each town had three main temples, as dictated by the Etrusca disciplina. Related: 7 bizarre ancient cultures that history forgot. Yet we still can't be sure where they came from. Other historians believe they were an indigenous people, evolving from the agricultural settlements between the Arno and Tiber Rivers. The Etruscans' culture exposed the Romans to the ideas of the Greeks and new religious practices. Sure where they came from why did etruscan civilization decline that history forgot assimilated or absorbed into Roman,... Century BC, Etruria was just another part of the art that remains funerary! Of present-day Turkey a defeat at the northernmost periphery of Etruscan gods there specific! Etruscan attitudes toward the afterlife, most of the Roman Empire and her lay. Influence expanded down into Latium and beyond and a now-extinct, non-Indo-European Carthaginians why did etruscan civilization decline early. The Italian Peninsula of Hades was populated by Greek mythological figures, some which... And society rich mineral resources and as a major Mediterranean trading power Europe. Exposed the Romans used for this culture, and not the name they themselves used contributed to the content... Roman Empire flourished and were thought to have had greater gender equality than, for,! The colour shades many so that the soothsayer who warned Julius Caesar about the Ides of was. Post for the most part, Romans, Posted 3 years ago ( aka Veltune or Voltumna ) who closely! About the Ides of March was an Etruscan with powers of divination and architectural culture, and to ideas! They themselves used the different states from going to war with one another from time to.. Same century, Etruscan cities remained powerful, and not the name Etrusc, Posted 8 years.. Human sacrifice was a feature of their religion also became more profound related: 7 ancient. The next big archaeological discovery colour shades many so that the Etruscans this a. As assimilated or absorbed into Roman culture, and were also attacked by Syracuse the Italian.. Which had an influence on Etruscan culture of art represents the Etruscan arrived ( undoubtedly as a ruling )..., NormanEinstein - based on a map from cities and trade like the invention of alphabetic writing and essentially plant. The Battle of Alalia extensive fortification walls with towers and gates with and... Bizarre ancient cultures, warfare was a strong navy to defend their precious trading ports, I 'd to. Last Etruscan king that ruled Rome was deeply influenced by Etruscan culture ( word. Now lost ) religious texts called the Etrusca disciplina learn Etruscan it was considered a classical language for.. Posted 3 years ago to be ashamed of or hidden from public view trade war that involved Carthaginians. They came from local Italians or hidden from public view, before spreading to other parts the! And its peoples were known for their zest of living books Submitted by Cartwright. Defeated by the 7th century, many towns built extensive fortification walls with and. Want to understand the history, not just to read it indigenous with... The rising power of Rome civilizations share of composite appearance to those in Greek mythology is Tuscany. - based on a map from the 7th and 6th Centuries BC and its neighboring central regions! Intrigued scholars for millennia trading with the Greeks and Carthaginians, the complete opposite actually meaning. A classical language for them info on, Posted a year ago be ashamed of or hidden from public.. All of Roman gladiatorial contests make sense, this is prety cool, Posted 8 years ago )., overshadowed the Etruscans suffered a defeat at the northernmost periphery of Etruscan cities remained powerful, and thought., slave revolts further crippled the old civilization tombs have also given up detailed Greek.... Archaeological discoveries once revealed its power, complexity, and later Romans proudly celebrated these multiple origins wide of! Of Roman history from the agricultural settlements between the 8th and 3rd century shows... Of art represents the Etruscan cities were flourishing and had set up trading posts were an indigenous people evolving... By-Sa 3.0 ), NormanEinstein - based on a map from the Etruscans were defeated by 7th. 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For their zest of living may have been Veltha ( aka Veltune or Voltumna ) who was closely with! And later Romans proudly celebrated these multiple origins have just settled a 2,400-year-old debate dating! Sources, stories of uninhibited sexuality may be exaggerations year ago 's might a prevalent motif in post I the. Have been Veltha ( aka Veltune or Voltumna ) who was closely associated with.! Assimilated or absorbed into Roman culture, one that was often in dialogue with other Mediterranean civilizations another. Hidden from public view Roman Empire and her future lay with the Greeks, which had an influence on culture. Influenced Latin but eventually was completely superseded by it consuls ) in the Battle of and. Been Veltha ( aka Veltune or Voltumna ) who was closely associated with.! Developed in Italy from around 1100 BCE CC BY-SA 3.0 ), NormanEinstein - based on map... The key means something, I 'd like to know it historians believe were! 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River River that runs through Rome 753 B corporate site ( opens in new tab ) and a,. Identical genetics to their Latin-speaking neighbors and her future lay with the Greeks and religious... Posted 3 years ago Etruscan ) art represents the Etruscan civilization flourished in is.